List of vaccine-associated signals (15 items)
Myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle)
What: Chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations.
Which vaccines: Mainly associated with mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna).
How common: Highest risk in young males after the 2nd dose — studies reported tens of cases per million doses in adolescent/young adult males (e.g., ~50–105 per million in some age-sex groups). In general adult populations estimates are lower (single-digit to low-double-digit cases per million). JAMA Network+1
Pericarditis (inflammation of the heart lining)
What: Chest pain relieved by sitting up, pericardial rub; often occurs with/after myocarditis.
Which vaccines: Also linked to mRNA vaccines.
How common: Similar order of magnitude to myocarditis but variable by age/sex; often mild and self-limited. PubMed+1
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
What: Progressive muscle weakness and numbness; can be severe.
Which vaccines: Signal stronger for adenoviral-vector vaccines (e.g., AstraZeneca / Vaxzevria, Johnson & Johnson) in several studies; less signal for mRNA vaccines.
How common: Rare — observed increases in some datasets within ~6 weeks after vaccination; absolute numbers are small but statistically detectable in large cohorts. PMC+1
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) / Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia (VITT/TTS)
What: Blood clots in brain veins sometimes accompanied by low platelet counts (can be life-threatening).
Which vaccines: Adenoviral-vector vaccines (AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson) were most commonly implicated in VITT/TTS reports.
How common: Very rare, but severe — prompted temporary pauses and age-specific recommendations in some countries when first identified. AHA Journals+1
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and other rare neuro-inflammatory events
What: Rare inflammation of brain and spinal cord; can cause neurologic deficits.
Which vaccines: Reported as a signal in some large-scale safety surveillance datasets (rare).
How common: Extremely rare — reported as safety signals requiring further study rather than confirmed causal relationships. PubMed
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) / Low platelets (non-VITT)
What: Low platelet counts leading to bleeding/bruising risk.
Which vaccines: Reports have appeared across vaccine types; some cases were transient.
How common: Rare; often manageable with standard therapies. ijmm.ir
Anaphylaxis / Severe allergic reaction
What: Rapid onset allergy (hives, breathing difficulties, hypotension).
Which vaccines: Reported with mRNA and other vaccines but overall extremely rare.
How common: Rare — vaccination sites monitor recipients for 15–30 minutes and are prepared to treat anaphylaxis immediately. PMC
Bell’s palsy (facial nerve palsy)
What: Sudden facial weakness on one side.
Which vaccines: Small signal noted in early mRNA vaccine trials and some surveillance, though causal link uncertain.
How common: Very rare; most cases recover. PMC
Transverse myelitis / other spinal cord inflammation
What: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing weakness, sensory changes.
Which vaccines: Reported as single cases/rare clusters in early surveillance; signal is low and investigations continue.
How common: Extremely rare. Taylor & Francis Online
Arrhythmias and palpitations (non-myocarditis cardiac events)
10. Arrhythmias and palpitations (non-myocarditis cardiac events)
What: Heart rhythm disturbances post-vaccination sometimes reported; many are benign and transient.
Which vaccines: Reported across types in surveillance data.
How common: Uncommon; often self-limited and investigated to rule out myocarditis. PubMed
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS)-like presentations
What: Hyperinflammatory syndrome (more commonly reported after infection, rare after vaccination).
Which vaccines: Mostly linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection; very rare vaccine-associated reports exist and are investigated.
How common: Extremely rare. PM
Appendicitis (signal in some early datasets)
What: Appendicitis was flagged in some early surveillance as a potential signal, though later evidence did not confirm a causal link.
Which vaccines: Mixed/uncertain.
How common: No consistent increased incidence established — area of ongoing study. Taylor & Francis Online
Autoimmune or auto-inflammatory flares (e.g., IBD, rheumatologic reactions)
What: Flare-ups of preexisting autoimmune conditions have been reported anecdotally; studies show most people with autoimmune disease tolerate vaccines well.
Which vaccines: Reported across types; causality is often unclear.
How common: Uncommon; benefits of vaccination typically outweigh small flare risk for most patients. Taylor & Francis Online
Rare dermatologic reactions (e.g., erythema multiforme, severe cutaneous reactions)
What: A variety of skin reactions ranging from mild rash to rare severe reactions.
Which vaccines: Reported across vaccine platforms; most are mild.
How common: Rare. PMC
Other very rare vascular/hematologic signals (e.g., other clotting disorders)
What: Small safety signals for rare blood-clotting conditions and related hematologic issues in very large datasets.
Which vaccines: Some signals seen more with adenoviral-vector vaccines, other signals appear across platforms but with low absolute numbers.
How common: Extremely rare, detected only because surveillance datasets included tens of millions of people. PubMed+1
Short interpretation (plain language)
Large-scale surveillance (the GVDN study of ~99 million people) did detect multiple safety signals — e.g., myocarditis/pericarditis (mostly after mRNA vaccines) and GBS/CVT (mostly after adenoviral-vector vaccines). These are real signals that prompted further monitoring and updated guidance. PubMed+1
Absolute risk is small. Even where relative risk increases were detected, the number of excess cases per million doses is usually small (rare events). For most people the benefit of protection from severe COVID-19 outweighs these rare risks. JAMA Network+1
Not all signals equal causation. Surveillance flags associations that require deeper study (case review, clinical adjudication, mechanistic work). Some signals end up clarified as causal in certain subgroups (e.g., myocarditis in young men), others remain uncertain. PubMed+1
Practical advice to include if you’re publishing/sharing this list
Be explicit about rarity. Use absolute-risk language (cases per million) where possible so readers don’t overestimate how common these events are. JAMA Network
Mention which vaccine types most reports involved (mRNA vs adenoviral vector) — that helps readers understand risk patterns. PubMed
Encourage people to seek care if they develop concerning symptoms within a few days–weeks after vaccination (e.g., chest pain, severe headache, leg swelling, new neurologic weakness).
Note benefits too — vaccination reduced hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 at a population level; that tradeoff is central to public-health guidance. ScienceDirect
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